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The development of Indonesia's Second Nationally Determined Contribution (SNDC) is considered to require greater ambition while being firmly grounded in the principles of climate justice. The article highlights that vulnerable groups—including Indigenous Peoples, smallholder farmers, traditional fishers, women, persons with disabilities, informal workers, children, and older adults—are the most severely affected by the climate crisis despite contributing the least to its causes. Therefore, the SNDC should prioritize the recognition of their rights, ensure meaningful participation, and provide adequate protection for these groups in all climate-related policies.

To achieve inclusive climate justice, the proposed recommendations for the SNDC include adopting the four dimensions of justice—recognitional, procedural, distributive, and restorative justice—while promoting a just energy transition, protecting Indigenous territories, halting the conversion of forests and other natural ecosystems, and strengthening sustainable food systems by supporting farmers and fishers. By placing social justice at the core of its climate policies, Indonesia is expected to meet its emissions reduction targets while ensuring that the benefits of sustainable development are shared equitably across all segments of society.